Why the Old Testament matters
Written by Dan McDonald
The Old Testament Scriptures pose
an enigma for many Christians. Within the New Testament writings we find that much
of what is taught in the New Testament is treated as a fulfillment of the Old
Testament. The Apostles and writers of the New Testament seek to assure early
Christians that what was being believed within the Christian faith was in
accordance with the Old Testament’s teachings. At the same time our New
Testament writings describe the Christian as one who lives under a newer and
better covenant. The Old Testament writings furthermore have some passages
difficult for many Christians to accept. One can find passages commanding
Israel to commit a form of genocide against its enemies. It leaves room for
slaveholding. It is regarded by many as almost a wholly different kind of faith
than the later, more gracious, more loving New Testament. We can of course
argue how true or not true these assertions are. It is not my desire to answer
all those questions, partly because I accept a few of those questions to be
part of the difficulties of trying to square my understanding of Christian
justice and mercy with some passages I know exist in the Old Testament. But it
seems to me that it is inherent within our Christian faith to cultivate a high
regard for the Old Testament Scriptures even while we struggle to understand
some of the more difficult passages within the Biblical witness. In the final
analysis, within my own thinking there is one reason why I must treat the Old
Testament with respect and personal humility. That one reason is that the New
Testament describes our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ as having a special
relationship with the Old Testament Scriptures which shaped and guided his
thought. This relationship of Jesus Christ with the Old Testament Scriptures
has significant implications when we relate this relationship to the Christian
understanding of the incarnation. A brief blog cannot flush out all these
implications but perhaps we can briefly highlight the importance of the Old
Testament in the life of Jesus Christ.
As we read the Gospel accounts of the
life and ministry of Jesus Christ we can discover that his understanding of
everything he believed, did, and taught were connected to his understanding of
the Old Testament Scriptures.
In the Gospels we discover that when
Jesus went into the wilderness to be tempted by Satan, he answered Satan’s
temptations each and every time with commandments of the Holy Scriptures. If the
Sermon on the Mount is the most concentrated record of what Jesus had to say to
his generation it is significant that very early in the sermon he tells his
audience that he had not come to destroy the Law and the Prophets but to
fulfill them. The concept of fulfilling the Law and Prophets probably has a
broader meaning than we might imagine. The idea of Jesus’ fulfilling the
Scriptures is probably not limited to our ordinary Christian checklist of how Jesus
fulfilled all the Old Testament prophecies regarding the coming of Messiah. The
idea of fulfilling a passage of the Old Testament also included rightly
understanding the words and teachings of the Old Testament so that our practice
of the faith might be in accord with the spirit of the teaching of Holy Scriptures.
This is exactly what Jesus began to do in the Sermon on the Mount. He meant to
open up the meaning of the Scriptures to his hearers. He wanted them not to
have a minimalistic or legalistic view of the commandments. He wanted them to
see the heart of the meaning of God’s commands not the ordinary understanding
that allowed us to imagine ourselves as having kept the law but instead a
spiritual understanding that showed us that the path to holiness was an
invitation to a life which had depths that we would spend a lifetime seeking to
attain.
Jesus at once in the Sermon on the
Mount is one who shows the signs of the having given his life to have his
understanding to be guided and saturated in the Scriptures of the Old
Testament, and yet he speaks of the meanings of these Scriptures as one having
authority rather than like the scribes and Pharisees. He shows forth Messianic
authority in complete submission to being guided by the Scriptures he
proclaims. This is one of the marvelous indications of the mystery of godliness
understood in the Christian understanding that Christ was God revealed in human
flesh. He was God in the seeming contradiction of human weakness. In
relationship to the Old Testament Scriptures he was wholly submissive as a
human being and in that submission he asserted the authority of divinity.
The Wilderness temptations reveal
this so well. Satan tempts Jesus by saying, “If you are the Son of God – say this,
do this, etc. But Jesus responds in the fullness of his humanity by quoting the
commands of God not to the Son of God, but to ordinary men and women. Jesus
submits himself to the Scriptures in the fullness of his humanity. But at the
end of the Wilderness tempting with Satan trying to force Jesus to do a stunt
to prove his divinity, Jesus says at last “Get thee behind me Satan” and the
devil left him. The power of divinity was revealed in the weakness of humanity.
When God created man, according to
the Scriptures, we were created in the image of God. That image was defiled by our
fall into sin. But the reality that man was created in God’s image left a
stunning possibility for what God would do in his determination to redeem our
defiled humanity. For if God were to create man in his likeness that we might
bear his image, then it left the possibility that God might enter into humanity
and fill the image he had created with his own divine presence in the ordinary
weakness of human flesh. It was in this way that the light of the world which
would enlighten every man was to shine forth in Galilee of the Gentiles.
The mystery of godliness is described
in I Timothy 3:16. St. Paul writes, saying, “And without controversy great is
the mystery of godliness: God was manifested in the flesh, justified in the
Spirit, seen by angels, preached among the Gentiles, believed on in the world,
received up in glory.” This mystery of godliness seems to indicate one final
reason why the Old Testament was so important to Christ.
The reality of his humanity is that
Jesus entered into humanity as a fetus developing in his mother’s womb, birthed
into human life in the weakness of infancy, growing as a toddler in stature
with God and men, asking questions of the teachers at age twelve, working,
laboring, and finally entering the ministry as an adult at about thirty years
of age. The writer of Hebrews described how Jesus learned obedience through the
things he suffered or went through. He had to learn truth and wisdom in an
ordinary human life.
We have every reason to believe that
the Old Testament Scriptures proved to be a tutor to him. For even as the Law
was meant to be a tutor to Israel to bring us to Christ (Galatians 3:24) the
Law proved to be a tutor to Christ’s humanity to bring him into the fullness of
his humanity before God and men. The great distinction between us and Christ
was that our humanity was defiled and thus the law revealed our transgressions
and stirred up our inner contradictions to God’s holiness. But in Christ’s
undefiled humanity the Law served simply as a tutor to bring Jesus to the
fullness of his humanity that was meant to bear forth the perfect image of the
Living God.
Does this mean that we are no longer
to see the New Covenant as a better covenant? I believe we begin to see in
Jesus how he himself realized that his life was going to transform the faith
for believers who followed him. We see this in at least two ways. Jesus came to
realize that the Old Covenant served multiple purposes. It guided an Israel
that struggled with sin. Inasmuch as the Old Testament Scriptures governed an
Israel prone to sin it was a covenant which included provisions for sin. Thus
Jesus could frankly describe the reason why God permitted divorce was the
hardness of hearts within Israel. It was better that the Old Testament allowed
divorce than for men and women to live in unreconciled hell holes. The New
Testament has some provisions for the same struggles that we have with
remaining sin.
Jesus also recognized and perhaps increasingly that his
ministry and his redemption meant that the boundaries of Israel in comparison
with the Gentiles would be eliminated. He indicated as much to the Samaritan
woman in John 4. She asked about worship whether it was in Jerusalem or Samaria
and he described to her that not on this mountain or that mountain but God
would be worshipped in spirit and truth in every place. In proclaiming the
great commission he tore down the boundaries between Israel and the Gentiles. A
new covenant was to be proclaimed from Jerusalem to Judea to Samaria to the
ends of the earth.
Thus I am not saying that there are no differences between
the older and newer covenants, and between the Old and New Testaments.
Nevertheless because of Jesus’ own relationship to the Old Testament Scriptures
let our consideration of those Scriptures be guarded in humility. I fear that
all too often we bring a cavalier spirit to the pages of the Scriptures. The cavalier spirit, within us, tends to fail to submit to the Word of God as the mystery of godliness – God manifested
in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen by angels, preached among the
Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up in glory.” We end up trivializing the Word of God rather than seeing that this Word which Jesus searched, loved, and taught is meant to guide us to him who is the light which enlightens every man and woman who comes to be influenced by that light and learns thereby to leave the darkness.